SCs metrics are partially defined by manufacturer guidelines and standards. However, these metrics lack accuracy analysis, and above all, lack a reference for SCs banks/modules, where the study and measurement of many parameters like capacitance, resistance, specific power and energy, are of great interest. Furthermore, the guidelines and standards are currently dedicated to EDLC SCs, while the new hybrid SCs are currently less considered.
The implementation of SCs into applications requires reliable tools for the accurate determination of the multiparametric equivalent circuit of a SC, which is currently not standardised, also because the scientific literature proposes many different approaches, however not always simple to be implemented and/or identified. A clear measurement and identification tool is not within the knowhow of many companies and laboratories. The same need is required for SCs banks/modules.
In applications it is necessary to frequently monitor the SoH and SoC of the device to provide correct feedback to users and to ensure good predictive maintenance. Therefore, developing reliable methods of measurement and diagnosis is of great interest for applications. Such methods can come from complex statistical techniques, but in principle it is possible to use new measurement techniques which are faster and more suitable for applications. Rapid measurement techniques for the definition of SoC/SoH of SCs, also using fast techniques and/or ECM parameters are needed by manufacturers and users of SCs, e.g. e-mobility systems manufacturers.
The study of the behaviour of SCs in real conditions (in operation) is implemented in the project through the use of two test benches, which will enable real working conditions in the laboratory to be considered for SCs during regenerative braking in e-mobility applications, and in another application such as PV or UPS. Using the test benches, it will be possible to illustrate the behaviour of the SCs during cycles of real use in the presence of voltage and current waveforms distorted by the converters and validate the proposed characterisation and diagnostic method in real conditions, which is of great interest for applications.
